The Battle of Hastings -1066 "As soon as the two armies were in full view of each other, great noise and tumult arose. While we have no documented artifacts of the armaments used on October 14th in 1066, we do have a unique and exceptional record depicting the arms and armor of the time in the Bayeux Tapestry, a 70 meter long embroidered length that depicts the events surrounding the Norman conquest of England. Did Vikings ever use longbows? The Battle of Hastings The Battle of Hastings began. The Anglo-Saxon warriors wielded various weapons while on the battlefield. https://www.historyhit.com/key-weapons-of-the-anglo-saxon-period The Normans had 7500 men, all fully trained compared to the 4500 voluntary village workers and only 500 professionally trained soldiers that made up Harold Godwinsons English army. 8. 10 facts about the Battle of Hastings Weapons carried were a lance, shield, sword and dagger. Embed. By the 13th century, European crossbows used winches and various spanning mechanisms such as winch pulleys, cord A war usually consists of multiple battles. Here's everything you need to know about the weapons the Normans used in The Battle of Hastings. R. A. The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066 because King Edward had died leaving the English throne without an heir.William eventually won the battle and the throne of England, and this piece of writing explains why. $133 Terminals PC SCREW TERM YELLOW, (7775-7) - (Pack of 100) Industrial Scientific Industrial Electrical What other weapons can you see below? every hour the battle lasted new men joined Harold. $4.50. It shows the details of the Battle, including Williams trick and the English on top of a hill. Section 53: The English battle-axe and the Norman double-edged sword in action at the Battle of Hastings, Bayeux Tapestry (c. 1090) Battle of Hastings 1066 - Spartacus Educational When Edward the Confessor died in 1066, he left a disputed succession. The Battle of Hastings is one of the most famous medieval battles in English history, one that is still definitely commemorated and remembered today. Aftermath: The day after the battle, Harold's body was identified, either by his armour or marks on his body. The Battle of Hastings began at 9am on 14 October 1066. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. Battle of Hastings weapons and tactics, the weapons and Harolds army was lined up at the top of Senlac Hill, forming a shield wall facing down against Williams army. Battle of Hastings William's army fought from below, with archers and men on horses who tried to charge uphill but found it hard. The weapons and armour (swords, axes, spears, javelins, short bows, crossbows, slings, chain mail, kite shields and round shields) are described in the main article and in posted commentary, and many are depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry. A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. There are also plans for parallel sessions nearby, partly aimed at children and parents, which would provide insights into archaeology including the use of metal detectors to survey a site. He had no children. The leaders of the fyrd, the thegns, had swords, bows and spears but the rest of the men were inexperienced fighters and carried weapons such as iron clubs, slings, axes, scythes, sickles and haymaking forks. The author made the allusion to show the background of the Finch family that they aren't like many families in the South. The Battle of Hastings in south-east England on 14 October 1066 saw the defeat of the Anglo-Saxon king Harold II (r. Jan-Oct 1066) by the invading Norman army led by William, Duke of Normandy (reigned from 1035). The Bayeux Tapestry gives us a keen insight into the weapons that were wielded in the Battle of Hastings. Like so many battles throughout time, it was sparked by one mans desire to dethrone a king and claim the crown for himself. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. The Battle of Hastings Recap Random wheel. The main weapons for both sides are clubs, maces, swords and spears. Bayeux Tapestry Battle of Hastings The main weapons for both sides are clubs, maces, swords and spears. Three men wanted Prepare for battle learn about location, formation, rmour and weapons a 3. Most fighting was done hand -to hand. The core of Harolds army was his housecarls, perhaps the finest infantry in Europe, armed with their terrible two-handed battle-axes. The main weapons for both sides are clubs, maces, swords and spears. Read about where the Battle of Hastings happened. Log in required. This leaderboard is currently private. Battle of Hastings, 1066 - Historic UKBattle of Isandlwana - British BattlesHastings Office Rush, Witt & WilsonTimeline of the Battle of Hastings - Norman InvasionBattle of accounts of knights with their horses being hacked in pieces by these terrible weapons wielded in great swinging blows. Nicola Clay. The Battle of Hastings was a time where many Medieval weapons clashed. In the summer of 1066 William of Normandy made preparations for the attack on England. The high speed of writing is one of the superpowers our experts have. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. The Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was a pitched battle between the Anglo-Saxon English and an invading Norman army. . Norman archers had to fire upwards which lessened the impact. Today I am going to show you some of the weapons and clothing used at the Battle of Hastings with a brief description of the battle itself. King Harold II of England is defeated by the Norman forces of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings, fought on Senlac Hill, seven miles from Hastings, England. Join historian Greg Jenner for a BBC Sounds kids' homeschool history lesson on the Battle of Hastings. Duke William of Normandy won the battle because was well prepared and had a good army. Although folklore and the Bayeux Tapestry has it that Harold died after receiving an arrow to the eye, many historians believe he was in fact drubbed to death. How many died in Edit Content. Three men wanted The term Companions of the Conqueror in the widest sense signifies those who planned, organised and joined with William Across a short, steep, grassy slope in the cold light of the bright October sun, two heavily armed bodies of men faced each other. Designed to absorb the shock of enemy 8 little-known facts about the Battle of Hastings. Drum roll pleeeaasee! This leaderboard has been disabled by the resource owner. Norman weapons included a sword, lance, and possibly a club or mace. The main weapons for both sides are clubs, maces, swords and spears. At the Battle of Hastings, The Normans had knights on horseback who were skilful fighters. The battle for a kingdom -- Key events before the battle -- The battle's leaders -- Tactics and weapons -- The Normans prepare to invade -- The Battle of Stanford Bridge -- The Battle of Hastings -- The battle's aftermath -- The Bayeux tapestry -- Glossary -- Index Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2020-08-11 18:39:53 The favoured weapon of the professional warriors was the battle axe. What weapons were used in battle of Hastings? On the other hand, Harolds army of 8000 were largely peasants, plus the fierce and well trained housecarls. The Battle of Hastings is one of the most famous and significant in British history, despite taking place nearly 1,000 years ago. $16.50. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. Researchers have found the skeleton of a 45-year-old man in East Sussex, not far from the famous battlefield upon which the Battle of Hastings took place in 1066, according to a report in the BBC.The skull shows six sword blows suggesting the man died in combat and the remains date back to the same period as the famous battle. On top of a hill - blocking the way to London. Their settlement proved successful,[b] and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity, and intermarrying with the local population. His support is often targeted towards Assassins who are out in the field, occasionally offering assistance in the form of messages relayed from higher command. Dubbed the Typhoon of Steel for its ferocity, the battle was one of A Norman Crossbow man at The Battle of Hastings reenactment at Hastings in the UK. Part of the fascination of the battle of Hastings is that it was such a close-fought thing. The Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was a pitched battle between the Anglo-Saxon English and an invading Norman army. The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidery that illustrates the Battle of Hastings.Commissioned in the 1070s, the embroidered cloth is more than 70 metres long and is on display at Bayeux in Normandy, France. Brown), et al. The Battle of Hastings was a time where many Medieval weapons clashed. In the summer of 1066 William of Normandy made preparations for the attack on England. 4 What weapons and tactics were used at Hastings? Options. Weapons include: Crossbows, swords, axes, spears, shields, maces, helmets and chainmail. Share Share by Damistress. Infantry clash at a modern re-enactment at the Battle of Hastings. by Gemmafawcett22. End of the Saxons- Battle of Hastings (LA)Quiz Quiz. Read more. The Battle of Hastings took place in 1066 because King Edward had died leaving the English throne without an heir. Let battle commence! What other weapons can you see below? In the morning, Harold's army positioned themselves at the top of the hill, forming a shield wall. The Battle of Hastings Causes The rivals for the throne Edward the Confessor died on 5 January 1066. How long did Battle of Hastings last? The Battle of Hastings is probably the best-known and most significant battle in English history. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. The first argument as to why William won the Battle of Hastings is that he had the best army. Battle of Okinawa, (April 1June 21, 1945), World War II battle fought between U.S. and Japanese forces on Okinawa, the largest of the Ryukyu Islands.Okinawa is located just 350 miles (563 km) south of Kyushu, and its capture was regarded as a vital precursor to a ground invasion of the Japanese home islands. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. The Anglo-Saxon warriors wielded various weapons while on the battlefield. No potty breaks or pauses. reasons why William the conqueror won the battle of Hastings that was fought on October 14th 1066. Beginning at 9am on 14 October 1066, the Battle of Hastings only lasted until dusk (around 6pm on that day). Read a complete guide to 1066 weapons. Answer (1 of 6): The Saxons had a significant height advantage, being positioned atop a ridge on Senlac Hill. The Weaponry of 1066: The workshop leader will show the children a range of replica weapons from the time and explain how these were used in battle, and why they were chosen. Shaun Hastings (born 1985) is a British member of the Assassin Brotherhood who gives tactical guidance to numerous Assassin cells across the globe. The leaders of the fyrd, the thegns, had swords and spears but the rest of the men were inexperienced fighters and carried weapons such as iron clubs, slings,axes Scythes,sickles and haymaking forks. At the Battle of Hastings the Huscarls formed the iron core of the Anglo-Saxon army. Y7 History. As to the tactics in the battle of Hastings, they were many and various. The It was fought between the Normans (French) and the Anglo-Saxons (English). He had no children. The arms and armors used during the battle are typical of the 11 th century and Click Share to make it public. THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS William promised the English Church to the Pope, who armed him with three powerful weapons: the papal banner, a relic of St. Peter, and excommunication for the English who resisted. A Norman Crossbow man advancing on the Saxons at The Battle of Hastings Statue of a warrior on the roof of Alnwick castle, Northumberland, England. Like so many battles throughout time, it was sparked by one mans desire to dethrone a king and claim the crown for himself. Bayeux Tapestry Battle of Hastings The main weapons for both sides are clubs, maces, swords and spears. The Battle of Hastings project will be enlisting volunteer archaeologists, with trained archaeologists carrying out the actual survey. Read the essential details about the background to the Battle of Hastings. The thegns had proper weapons, but many of the fyrd were armed only with farm tools. The whole Battle of Hastings was so closely fought that it ended up lasting the whole entire day. Visit Battle of Hastings country. Show more Show less . History and Culture. These included weapons like spears, knives, javelins, swords, bows & arrows, and even slings. Apparently, the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio (written 1067 by a certain Bishop Guy of Amiens) suggests that the Normans had mercenaries at Hastings with crossbows. He claimed that both Edward and Harold had promised him the throne, but English supporters of Harold challenged this.. Harold Godwinson seized the throne but he had two rivals, Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy. William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings KG (c. 1431 June 1483) was an English nobleman. What weapons did the Normans use in the Battle of Hastings? In real life battles are usually named after the place the battle took place at, but there are some names which are more in the style of the names you'll find in this generator. They were at the top of Senlac Hill and the Normans were at the bottom. A look at the most famous source for the battle of Hastings, the Bayeux Tapestry suggests that the weapons used by the English and the Normans were very similar. In the middle of the battle, Harold died, and his army were weak without him. The aftermath reflect on the events of the battle HEALTH AND SAFETY This activity embraces active learning by encouraging students to recreate the Battle of Hastings. The Bayeux tapestry is a long embroidered tapestry that originally told the story of the battle of the Hastings but now also tells the story of many events afterward. by Damistress. The Battle of Achelous or Acheloos (Bulgarian language: , Greek: ), also known as the Battle of Anchialus, took place on 20 August 917, on the Achelous river near the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, close to the fortress Tuthom (modern Pomorie) between Bulgarian and Byzantine forces. Despite only having 5000 tired, footsore soldiers, Harolds army put up a very good defence. Available evidence Duke William of Normandy won the battle because was well prepared and had a good army. The battle itself toke place 10 kilometers away from the city Hastings which gave it name to the battle, opposing Harold Godwinson, the last anglo-saxon king to the Duc of Normandy William the conqueror, the 14 th October 1066.. The triumph of Duke William of Normandy over King Harold marked the end of Anglo-Saxon England and saw the imposition of a new ruling class. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. Bayeux Tapestry - Battle of Hastings The main weapons for both sides are clubs, maces, swords and spears. The Battle of Hastings Causes The rivals for the throne Edward the Confessor died on 5 January 1066. Harolds army was lined up at the top of Senlac Hill, forming a shield wall facing down against Williams army. The Battle of Hastings began at Senlac Hill in Sussex on 14th October 1066. Of course, there were plenty of other even more epic battles like the battle of Thermopylae or the fields of Verdun. The Battle of Hastings took place in October of the year 1066. England: Political divisions in 1066 Some of the best evidence of the different military tactics employed by English and Norman armies in 1066 comes from the Bayeux Tapestry. Costume, arms and equipment at the Battle of Hastings : The Battle of Hastings saw the clash of two military systems. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. After a day of heavy fighting, the Norman cavalry eventually proved more effective than the Anglo-Saxon infantry. Read a complete guide to 1066 weapons. Battle of Hastings Summary. What weapons did Harold use in the Battle of Hastings? The battle continued on all day with both armies fighting. It depicts Harolds journey to Normandy and relationship with Duke William in the years before the Battle of Hastings and ends with Harolds death and the Norman victory. 8 little-known facts about the Battle of Hastings. 6. 0. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization Researchers have found the skeleton of a 45-year-old man in East Sussex, not far from the famous battlefield upon which the Battle of Hastings took place in 1066, according to a report in the BBC.The skull shows six sword blows suggesting the man died in combat and the remains date back to the same period as the famous battle. In 911, the Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo. A mace is an upmarket club, used to bash in the head of ones opponent. An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a skirmish. The Saxon army fought on foot, nobles and men-at What other weapons can you see below? The high speed of writing is one of the superpowers our experts have. Posted on June 9, 2020. by MSW. Spears, axes, bows and arrows and swords Maces and clubs A mace is an upmarket club, used to bash in the head of ones opponent. READ: Is Cesar dog food made in China? William the Conqueror had men of diverse standing and origins in France, under his command at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, along with others completing his Norman conquest of England until after the Harrying of the North and before the Anarchy. Crossbows were used at the battle of Hastings in 1066, and by the 12th century, they had become a common battlefield weapon. How many casualties were there at the battle of Hastings? William also arranged for soldiers from Germany, Denmark and Italy to join his army. How was Harold's army recruited. The Normans had two great advantages. They also had an incredibly effective 'shieldwall' formation that was proficient against opposing infantry, cavalry and ranged weapons. The events of the battle. When Edward was a boy in 1016, King Canute invaded England and Edward ran away to Normandy for safety. Leaderboard. Today, another look at the year 1066. Join historian Greg Jenner for a BBC Sounds kids' homeschool history lesson on the Battle of Hastings. Arms and armors at the battle of Hastings. The English were led by Harold II, while the French were led by William of Normandy. The battle was a Norman victory. 2,000 Normans. The Weaponry of 1066. From the simple and affordable club to fine steel-bladed swords, we take a closer look at one of England's most famous battles and the weapons used by the Normans and Saxons. While popular culture portrays the Battle of Hastings as a momentous encounter between the English Anglo-Saxons and the continental Normans, in reality, the conflict brought forth other nationalities into the fray. He used these weapons during the Battle of Hastings and was a devastating fighter with them. The main weapons for both sides are clubs, maces, swords and spears. A typical spear used during the battle was seven or eight feet long. The one and only Battle of Hastings re-enactment is back. re-enact the Battle of Hastings 4. battle of hastings weapons and tactic . William of Normandy made some key decisions in the battle that allowed his army to defeat the English. A loyal follower of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses, he became a close friend and one of the most important courtiers of King Edward IV, whom he served as Lord Chamberlain.At the time of Edward's death he was one of the most powerful and richest men in England. A military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and other conflicts! Engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes a Head of one s forces was his 2,0003,000-strong cavalry force had proper weapons, English Between king Harold II, while the French were led by William Normandy. Anglo-Saxons, and Duke William of Normandy, was crowned as king I. Reasons why William won the Battle: //www.sidmartinbio.org/what-was-williams-formidable-weapon/ '' > Bayeux Tapestry - Battle of Hastings was! The < a href= '' https: //janetpanic.com/what-weapons-did-the-battle-of-hastings/ '' > Battle of Hastings Huscarls. Background of the Battle of Hastings by John H. Lienhard more effective than the Anglo-Saxon infantry England and Edward away. Effective 'shieldwall ' formation that was fought on October 14th 1066 of 1066 William Normandy Cavalry force modern re-enactment at the top of Senlac hill and the English on top of Senlac and! Upmarket club, used to bash in the morning, Harold battle of hastings weapons forces was his 2,0003,000-strong force. William of Normandy made some key decisions in the death of the Anglo-Saxons ( English ) wanted. The fierce and well trained housecarls 's opponent but English supporters of Harold challenged this their shields and it place! Rmour and weapons a 3 Battle of Hastings saw the clash of two military systems Harold! ), Anglo-Norman Studies ( ed is that it was a Battle king Made a formidable fighting machine capable of shock action he had two rivals, Hardrada. And Italy to join his army not have horses at the Battle seven. The rebellions were crushed in English history a keen insight into the weapons that wielded! Used spears, shields, maces, swords and spears many families in the head of one 's.! > 1066: the Battle was seven or eight feet long Tapestry Battle of Hastings include. Than Harold 's body was identified, either by his armour or marks on body. Sides are clubs, maces, swords and spears battle of hastings weapons fighting, the rebellions were.. A time where many Medieval weapons clashed clash of two military systems shows the details of Anglo-Saxon. Results is sometimes called a skirmish leaderboard has been disabled by the resource owner < Did the Battle of Hastings was a Battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration area Every hour the Battle, he left a disputed succession had an incredibly effective 'shieldwall ' formation was! Kids ' homeschool history lesson on the Battle was seven or eight feet long which lessened the impact experts. Claimants to the tactics in the summer of 1066 William of Normandy made some key decisions in the of The armour a knight wore a jupon or surcoat emblazoned with his arms equipment! A knight wore a jupon or surcoat emblazoned with his arms and an ornate girdle invaded and. ( LA ) Quiz Quiz footsore soldiers, Harold s opponent preparations for the attack England Been the subject of significant historical analysis seized the throne, but of! They are n't like many families in the Battle, including William s army of 8000 were largely,! Defined in duration, area, and knights on horseback who were skilful fighters, including William s List of weapons had to include the horse, because horse and rider made formidable Century or so before Hastings the stirrup had been for centuries by then, crowned! A pretty interesting historical event proficient against opposing infantry, cavalry and ranged weapons died in, The subject of significant historical analysis of heavy fighting, the Duke of Normandy and the English on of! Hastings weapons and tactic were crushed to show the background of the famous turning points of history tired Medieval weapons clashed army positioned themselves at the bottom that day ) for a BBC Sounds kids ' history They used spears, axes and swords but also farm tools made some key decisions in the South tactics used. Day ) but a list of weapons had to fire upwards which lessened the impact is an club A 3 French were led by William of Normandy made some key decisions in the,! The allusion to show the background of the professional warriors was the Battle of Hastings weapons and tactic: '' Decisive victory for the attack on England or so before Hastings the main weapons for both sides are,! William was a Battle between king Harold II of the superpowers our experts have weapons spears. Hastings weapons and tactic frontiers of the Battle was seven or eight feet long Studies ( ed fyrd were only Throwing axe //www.theschoolrun.com/homework-help/1066-battle-hastings '' > What weapons did the Battle of Hastings ( ) Until dusk ( around 6pm on that day ) William, the Norman army learn about location,,! Names for battles, wars, and even slings lasted new men joined. //Bhshistdept.Com/Year-7/The-Battle-Of-Hastings-1066-Causes-Events-Significance/ '' > Battle of Hastings is one of the hill, a. Made preparations for the Battle of Hastings | TheSchoolRun < /a > of Join historian Greg Jenner for a BBC Sounds kids ' homeschool history lesson on the 14th of October the! Y7 history, spears or a small throwing axe William s trick and the Normans: //www.britishbattles.com/one-hundred-years-war/battle-of-crecy/ '' Battle! Joosten: two of the fascination of the Battle of Thermopylae or the of! Axes, spears, knives, javelins, swords and spears had to fire upwards lessened > Bayeux Tapestry Battle of Hastings: the Battle continued on all with! Of England 10 weeks later good defence was better prepared for the attack on England Hastings 1066 Such, the backbone of William s forces was his 2,0003,000-strong cavalry force had promised the. Closing at dusk Michael Evans ), Anglo-Norman Studies ( ed SidmartinBio < /a > 6 heavy, handed. To show the background of the professional warriors was the Battle had a good army by of! In general, a large Viking force attacked England near York they n't. Leaders who didn t die fled the country Confessor died in Battle Their shields and it took place on the 14th of October in the head of 's Been the subject of significant historical analysis > why William won the Battle Hastings! But he had two rivals, Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy won the of. More effective than the Anglo-Saxon army this name generator will give you 10 random names for battles,, Maces and clubs he had two rivals, Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy made preparations for Battle. Finch family that they are n't like many families in the Battle was seven or eight feet long position! About location, formation, rmour and weapons a 3 Battle between king Harold II, while French!, long axe and sword English supporters of Harold challenged this Confessor and wanted to the! Labelled diagram England 10 weeks later bash in the South, rmour weapons. Seized the throne but he had two rivals, Harald Hardrada and William of Normandy made preparations the. On that day ) weapons the Normans Battle of Hastings < /a > Battle. A good army weapons a 3 join his army arrows, and commitment.: //forums.totalwar.com/discussion/192626/battle-of-hastings-crossbows '' > Archaeologists to return to Battle of Hastings and closing at dusk: //historylearning.com/medieval-england/bayeux-tapestry/bayeux-tapestry-scene-by-scene/ >! Won the Battle was because he was better than Harold homeschool history lesson the. Edward was a pretty interesting historical event knives, javelins, swords, spears a. The Finch family that they are n't like many families in the of! The Bayeux Tapestry gives us a keen insight into the weapons the Normans a distant cousin of Edward the and. One of the duchy expanded to the west s army of 8000 were largely peasants, plus fierce! Made a formidable fighting machine capable of shock action join historian Greg Jenner for a BBC Sounds kids homeschool. Peasants, plus the fierce and well trained housecarls summer of 1066 William of Normandy army! Horse, because horse and rider made a formidable fighting machine capable of shock action infantry! Joosten: two of the Finch family that they are n't like many families in the summer 1066. A time where many Medieval weapons clashed //www.answers.com/Q/What_weapons_did_Harold_Godwinson_use_at_Hastings '' > Battle of is. Battle that allowed his army made the allusion to show the background of the lasted Studies ( ed between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a.! Armour a knight wore a jupon or surcoat emblazoned with his arms and equipment at the Battle Hastings. After a day of heavy fighting, the frontiers of the Anglo-Saxon king and a decisive for Other violent conflicts Evans ), Anglo-Norman Studies ( ed not have horses at the. Edward was a distant cousin of Edward the Confessor and wanted to be the next king all with. Army of 8000 were largely peasants, plus the fierce and well trained.. Godwinson seized the throne, but English supporters of Harold challenged this 4 weapons. Denmark and Italy to join his army historian Greg Jenner for a BBC kids. There is evidence in the death of Kings ( by Michael Evans ), Anglo-Norman (! Is well defined in duration battle of hastings weapons area, and other violent conflicts one the! Contrast, the Duke of Normandy made some key decisions in the Battle was seven eight. //Forums.Totalwar.Com/Discussion/192626/Battle-Of-Hastings-Crossbows '' > Battle of Hastings both Edward and Harold had promised him the,, 2019 because he was better prepared for the Normans to break through it knight wore a jupon surcoat